Boat engines

The history of boats is connected with the history of the development of global engine building. The USSR had space, rockets, aviation... But there was always a shortage of good and powerful engines. This applies to both outboard and inboard motors. I give a brief description of the motors and transmissions used on Soviet boats for towing water skiers; this is not the entire list of motors for boats, there are more of them. Since 1932, in addition to special marine engines, there have been a large number of mass-produced automotive and tractor engines (engine marinization). For tugboats, marinized engines were used for reasons of their lightness, compared to sea engines, relative availability and mass availability. Some of them do not have nautical designations or are unknown to the author.

M51(-UM)

Engine M51-UM 60 hp. is a marinised version of the GAZ-51 engine. Inline 6-cylinder. It was a copied version of the 218 cu in (3.568 cc) Chrysler flathead engine. At least since 1963, it was installed on the open crew boat LS-1 “Sport”, and also later on LS-2 and LS-3. The boat is intended for patrol service at DOSAAF rescue stations, as well as for servicing rowing and sailing competitions.

Configuration	L6
Displacement, cm3/cid	3480/ 212
Cylinder diameter and piston stroke, mm	82 x 110
Compression ratio	6,2
Peak Horsepower, HP	63 @ 2800
Firing order	1-5-3-6-2-4
Weight with attachments, kg	363
Fuel	А-72

The history of this engine dates back to 1928, when the six-cylinder lower valve Chrysler flathead engine was developed in the USA. The engine developed a fairly large specific power for that time, 22-24 hp/liter, and was at the same time fantastically reliable. Then, in the twenty-eighth, the engine featured such technical innovations as replaceable bimetallic crankshaft bearing shells, a thermostat in the cooling system, 100% oil filtration, insertable heat-resistant exhaust valve seats, a crankcase ventilation system, automatic ignition timing, oxidized pistons , floating oil receiver. The engine was very technologically advanced, and no non-ferrous metals were used for the manufacture of its parts, with the exception of the pistons. Chrysler flathead had cylinders with a diameter of 3¼ in. (82.55 mm) stroke was 4 and 3/8 in. (111.1 mm) with a displacement of 3,560 cc. see

In 1937, GAZ chief designer Andrei Lipgart and a group of engineers went to the USA to purchase drawings and the necessary equipment for the production of Chrysler flathead in the USSR. In the Union, the engine was partially oversized and metric dimensions were used in the documentation. The cylinder diameter was rounded to 82 mm, and the piston stroke – to 110. As a result, the working volume was reduced to 3485 cubic meters. see. There were two modifications of it – with a cast iron block head, a compression ratio of 5.6 and a power of 76 hp. at 3400 rpm, and with an aluminum cylinder head, a compression ratio of 6.5 and a power of 85 hp. at 3600 rpm. The serial engine was named GAZ-11.

In 1946, a derated version of the GAZ-11 was installed on the GAZ-51, which was called the GAZ-51, which developed only 70 hp.

Trucks based on the GAZ-51 became the most popular in the USSR. In total, the GAZ-51 was produced from January 6, 1946 to September 1956. Then, after a fairly serious modernization, it was produced under the designation GAZ-51A until April 2, 1975, when the last GAZ-51A rolled off the assembly line and went to the factory museum. The number of GAZ-51 and GAZ-51A produced is simply amazing: in total, 3,481,033 cars were produced at GAZ, and another 14 335 trucks were assembled at the plant in Irkutsk. And if you consider that in addition to this, the GAZ-51 has been branded “Lublin-51” since November 1951. was produced at the FSC plant in Lublin, Poland, since 1958 under the brand name “Synri-58”. was produced at a car plant in the North Korean city of Deukchon, and a redesigned copy of the GAZ-51 called “Yuejin-134” Since the same 1958, two car factories in China have been producing, it is impossible to imagine the exact number of GAZ-51 units produced.

Configuration	L6
Displacement, cm3/cid	3485 / 213
Cylinder diameter and piston stroke, mm	82 x 110
Compression ratio	6,2
Peak Horsepower, HP	70 @ 2800
Peak Torque, Nm	201 @ 1500
Firing order	1-5-3-6-2-4

GAZ-13 (ZMZ-1З)

The engine was developed in 1956-58. The first batch of GAZ-13 "Chaika" cars was manufactured in January 1959. Until 1963, 2 thousand GAZ-13 engines were made. In October 1963, serial production of this engine began at the new ZMZ plant. In 1964, as a result of modernization, the engine received: a more rigid block, a different crankshaft, a K-114 carburetor, a more efficient cooling pump, and a two-section oil pump for a separate lubrication system. No more than 150 cars were produced per year; in total, from 1959 to 1981, 3,179 GAZ-13 Chaika cars were produced.

Almost immediately, a derated 140-horsepower version of the 13th engine for combat vehicles (the most famous carrier of the BRDM-2) appears. A lower compression ratio of 6.7 allowed the use of low-octane gasoline.

Serial marinization of the engine has not been mastered. Engine ZMZ-13 (GAZ-13) and mechanical angular reverse gearbox (Urrp-25. ratio 1.55:1 forward and 1.91 reverse).

The block is slightly larger than that of the ZMZ-53(66), reinforced. Volume 5.5 hp The engine block is larger in size than that of the ZMZ-53(66). The size of the block is related to engine volume, strength and aluminum casting technology - in a mold to obtain thick casting walls. Also, the production technology of a given block is directly affected by its mass production. Small quantity - about 200 pcs. per year is cast by hand. Power is about 170-195 hp on B91/115 aviation gasoline. Later, unleaded gasoline specially produced for this engine was used in “Extra” measurements, with an octane rating of 95. According to the plant’s plan, with such an engine it was planned to produce 5 boats per year. It is reliably known that the installation of this engine was planned for the hydrofoil boat "Volga", the water-skiing towing boat "Borey", and the cabin boat "Regatta". Also used on racing gliders. What happened in reality is unknown. But they met extremely rarely.

Configuration	V8
Displacement, cm3/cid	5530 / 337
Cylinder diameter and piston stroke, mm	100 x 88
Compression ratio	8,5
Nominal Horsepower, HP	195 @ 4400
Peak Torque, Nm	400,9 @ 2000-2500
Firing order	1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8
Weight without gearbox, kg	245

ZIL 111

The ZIL-111 engine is developed on the basis of the ZIS-E113, ZIS-E111, ZIL-E111B, ZIL-4E111 engines. Put into production in 1958. Serial marinization has not been developed. The ZIL-111 car and its engine were produced in 1958— 1966 A total of 112 cars were produced. The ZIL-111 is based on the famous HEMI, simplified and deprived of hemispherical combustion chambers.

Configuration	V8
Displacement, cm3/cid	5980 / 365
Cylinder diameter and piston stroke, mm	102 x 95
Compression ratio	9
Peak Horsepower, HP	200 @ 4200
Peak Torque, Nm	442 @ 2200
Firing order	1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8

Experimental design work that began in 1952-53 with the experimental ZIS-E113 engine eventually led to the creation of two more mass-produced engines - ZIL-375 (1962 180 Hp) and ZIL-130 (1964 150 Hp). But their heavy weight (about 500 kg due to the cast iron cylinder block), as well as the gluttony of the GAZ-375, even in comparison with the GAZ-13, determined that the conversion of these engines for sports boats did not go beyond home-made projects.

М652U

It is a converted GAZ-652 (GAZ-12) engine, 76 hp, 72-octane gasoline. The estimated date of conversion is the early 60s. It was installed on the hydrofoil boat "Volga" ("Strela") (60s), and in the 70s on most crew and rescue boats, as well as on the experimental trimaran-tug "Triumph".

Configuration	L6
Displacement, cm3/cid	3480/ 212
Cylinder diameter and piston stroke, mm	82 x 110
Compression ratio	6,7
Peak Horsepower, HP	70 @ 3000
Firing order	1-5-3-6-2-4
Weight with attachments, kg	365
Fuel	А-72

The GAZ-652 (GAZ-12) engine was a development of the pre-war GAZ-11 and was generally structurally similar to the GAZ-51 truck engine, but had an increased compression ratio (6.7 - octane gasoline number 70-72), aluminum cylinder head and dual carburetor. The GAZ-12 engine eliminated the main drawback of the GAZ-51 engines — failure of connecting rod bearings at high speeds, by installing symmetrical connecting rods. Characteristics of the GAZ-652 engine:

Configuration	L6
Displacement, cm3/cid	3485/ 212
Cylinder diameter and piston stroke, mm	82 x 110
Compression ratio	6,7
Peak Horsepower, HP	90 @ 3600
Peak Torque, Nm	215 @ 2100
Firing order	1-5-3-6-2-4

М53-FUL (М5ЗF, М53-FU)

M53-FUL engine with 70 hp power. is a converted GAZ-53F engine.

The engine was installed on water ski towing boats "Model 195" (since 1968), "Neva-S" (since 1972), the experimental trimaran boat "Triumph", pleasure and service boats crew boats. Out of production in 1979.

Configuration	L6
Displacement, cm3/cid	3480/ 212
Cylinder diameter and piston stroke, mm	82 x 110
Compression ratio	6,7
Peak Horsepower, HP	70 @ 3000
Firing order	1-5-3-6-2-4
Weight with attachments, kg	375
Fuel	А-76

The appearance of the GAZ-53F (F - with a forced engine) was associated with the XXII Congress of the CPSU, which took place on October 17-31, 1961, for the opening of which the plant committed itself to starting production of a completely new GAZ truck 53. However, due to the fact that by this time work on the V-shaped 8-cylinder power unit GAZ-53 had not yet been completed, an in-line 6-cylinder GAZ-51 engine was installed on the car, boosted to 82 hp, with an increased speed due to the use of a new cylinder head with a reduced volume of combustion chambers with a compression ratio (6.7), with pistons made of high-silicon aluminum alloy AL30, a camshaft with modified valve timing, exhaust valves made of more heat-resistant steel 45Х22Н4М3 (EP48), intake gas pipelines with an increased flow area, a two-chamber K-84MI carburetor, a high-performance fuel pump (140 l/h) type B-9B, open-type crankcase ventilation and a new combined inertia-oil air filter with a nylon filter element. Produced in 1961-67. Production was discontinued only when the Zavolzhsky Motor Plant reached large-scale production of the new ZMZ-53 engine. The total number of GAZ-53F produced was 108,365 units.

Configuration	L6
Displacement, cm3/cid	3485 / 213
Cylinder diameter and piston stroke, mm	82 x 110
Compression ratio	6,7
Peak Horsepower, HP	82 @ 2800
Peak Torque, Nm	216 @ 1600
Firing order	1-5-3-6-2-4

ZIL 114

Design work on the engine began in 1962. Production began: 1967. Designed for installation on high-end cars ZIL-117, ZIL-41044 and their modifications, as well as for supplying spare parts for them and the highest class car ZIL-114. A total of 113 ZIL-114 vehicles were assembled. Serial engine conversion has not been mastered. The main fundamental innovation of this engine was that it received an aluminum cylinder block. The use of light alloy made it possible to reduce the weight of the motor by 100 kg and make it more compact in size.

It is known that the engine was installed on the experimental trimaran boat "Triumph", the boats "Bars" and "Borey", as well as on the competitive glider of the R6 class. An exceptional engine for exceptional cases - top party leadership, international athletes class and experiments.

Configuration	V8
Displacement, cm3/cid	6960 / 425
Cylinder diameter and piston stroke, mm	108 x 95
Compression ratio	9,5
Nominal Horsepower, HP	275 @ 4000
Peak Torque, Nm	559 @ 2600-2800
Firing order	1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8
Weight without gearbox and compressor, kg	265

In January 1969, the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On increasing the production of boats, boats and engines for them for sale to the public” was adopted. It provided for a significant increase in the industrial production of boats, including large cabin ones, as well as engines for them, including much more powerful ones than those produced before. Accordingly, several ministries received tasks to develop and, no later than 1970, produce prototypes of outboard motors and stationary engines of increased power. In particular, the Ministry of Automotive Industry, together with the Ministry of Shipbuilding, is to prepare converted engines for industrial production: based on the engine of the Volga car, the ZMZ-53 engines. and "ZIL-130" with reverse gears, angular gears and sterndrives.

For two years, a huge amount of work was carried out, a lot of money was spent, and a number of design bureaus and industrial enterprises worked on these tasks. Everything has been done to ensure that water tourism and sports reach millions of people and become a mass means of organized recreation for workers. But the intensification of traffic along waterways has given rise, as in other countries of the world, to a number of new problems. Human intervention in nature never remains without consequences. To preserve it in a more or less pristine form, nature reserves are created and decisions are made regulating the use of natural resources.

In December 1969, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution “On measures to strengthen the protection of fish stocks in the reservoirs of the USSR.” It provides for a number of measures aimed at combating poaching and, in particular, says: “...introduce, starting from 1970, mandatory registration of floating craft belonging to citizens with the application of side marks on them, and also establish where this is necessary for the purpose of reproduction and protection of fish stocks, limiting the power of the engines of these watercraft and the procedure for using them." The specific development of the listed measures was entrusted to local authorities.

M100V(-C)

Developed in 1969. It was a marinised ZMZ-53, but for water-jet boats. Therefore, it did not have an angular reverse gear, i.e. reverse. Without a water jet, the engine was used on sports boats "Bars" and "Borey" with a central engine arrangement.

Configuration	V8
Displacement, cm3/cid	4250 / 259
Cylinder diameter and piston stroke, mm	92 x 80
Compression ratio	6,7
Nominal Horsepower, HP	90 @ 2800
Peak Torque, Nm	258 @ 1800
Firing order	1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8
Weight, kg	320
Fuel	А-76

The GAZ-66 and GAZ-53 engines for GAZ vehicles with a payload capacity of 2 and 4 tons, respectively, were developed in 1960-63. at the Zavolzhsky Motor Plant. The GAZ-13 engine was taken as a basis, its volume and power were reduced to 4.25 liters. and 115 hp, respectively. In October 1963, ZMZ began mass production of ZMZ-66 engines and at the same time GAZ began producing GAZ-66 all-terrain vehicles. As the production of engines of this family increased, their supply also began for GAZ-53A vehicles, the first batch of which with the ZMZ-53 engine rolled off the GAZ assembly line in June 1965. Since that time, mass production of ZMZ-53 engines at ZMZ began. The engine itself was developed on the basis of the ZMZ-13 engine.

The engines of the ZMZ-53(66) family were the world's first engines of the V8 configuration, the cylinder block of which was cast from aluminum under pressure. And also, at that time, the only truck engines in the world with an aluminum block. With the start of production of the GAZ-13 engine, the plant had the technology of thick-walled aluminum casting, but it did not allow the mass production of hundreds of thousands of engines per year. A solution was found in the purchase of equipment for casting aluminum under high pressure from European companies. The block of the most popular V8 engine in the USSR was cast under pressure into metal German molds from the Sautter company on the Italian machine Triulzi 2200 T.

All cars of the GAZ-53-12 family were removed from production in December 1992 due to the impossibility of their further production without certification according to the new rules and obtaining vehicle type approval. For all the years from 1961 to 1992, 3,444,651 cars with an engine of the GAZ (ZMZ) family were produced - 53 (66). Since 1992, ZMZ-53(66) engines began to be labeled as the 500th series - ZMZ-53(66) began to be labeled as ZMZ-511(513), and a factory stroker for PAZ buses appeared - ZMZ-523(524 ) model, where the piston stroke was increased by 8 mm (92x88), which increased the working volume to 4.67 liters. (ZMZ-523 - gasoline, ZMZ-524 - bi-fuel). (Modernization of ZMZ-511 into ZMZ-523 during repairs is a common occurrence; you just need to replace the crankshaft and the CPG kit). Production of these V8s at ZMZ continued until the end of 2021. In total, over 58 years of production of this engine, 6,531,101 units were assembled. And in January 2023, the plant resumed production of the ZMZ-523/524 model, as demand for it returned.

Configuration	V8
Displacement, cm3/cid	4250 / 259
Cylinder diameter and piston stroke, mm	92 x 80
Compression ratio	6,7
Nominal Horsepower, HP	120 @ 3200-3400
Peak Torque, Nm	284,4 @ 2000-2500
Firing order	1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8
Weight without clutch and gearbox, kg	262

М8ChSPU-100

Engine M8ChSPU-100 with a power of 90 hp. was created in 1972. It is a converted ZMZ-53 engine. 120hp V8. Installed on many boats, including the Model 195M tugboat, the Triumph trimaran, the Borey tugboat, competition service boats "Regatta", "Sigma", "Rhythm", various models of pleasure, crew and tourist boats until the end of the 80s years.

In 1981, this engine was awarded the State Quality Mark.

This engine is a modification of the ZMZ-53 automobile engine produced by the Zavolzhsky Motor Plant. During the conversion carried out by the Bogorodsky Mechanical Plant, the engine was supplemented with components that ensure its reliable operation in ship conditions. In particular, the water-air cooling radiator was removed. The engine was equipped with a seawater pump, water-water and water-oil coolers, and an expansion tank, which provides cooling using a dual-circuit system with a closed internal and flow-through external circuits.

A planetary coaxial reverse gearbox was installed, allowing the propeller shaft to be turned off and the direction of its rotation to be changed. The engine kit also includes an angular gear, an intermediate shaft connecting the reverse gear and the angular gear, and the instrumentation necessary for remote monitoring. For fire safety reasons, the carburetor was supplemented with a flame arrester and a pan with a flame-interrupting mesh, and the exhaust manifolds were cooled.

Configuration	V8
Displacement, cm3/cid	4250 / 259
Cylinder diameter and piston stroke, mm	92 x 80
Compression ratio	6,7
Nominal Horsepower, HP	90 @ 2800
Peak Torque, Nm	258 @ 1800
Firing order	1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8
Weight, kg	401
Fuel	А-76

GAZ-14 (ZMZ-14)

1977. On February 14, 1976, the first samples of the large-class passenger car GAZ-14 “Chaika” were assembled. In December 1978, serial production of the large-class executive passenger car GAZ-14 “Chaika” began. (continued until 1988, a total of 1114 vehicles were assembled). Serial conversion has not been mastered.

At a minimum, provision was made for its installation on the cabin boat "Regatta".

Compared to the ZMZ-13, the engine has become more powerful and quieter due to valve pushers with hydraulic thermal gap compensators, a crankshaft with a vibration damper, a different camshaft with changed phases, new intake (for two 4-chamber carburetors K -114) and exhaust manifolds, the introduction of a power system with two carburetors, an electronic ignition system with redundant components, simplification of the lubrication system and the use of 95-98 OCH gasoline. Produced until 1988.

Configuration	V8
Displacement, cm3/cid	5520 / 337
Cylinder diameter and piston stroke, mm	100 x 88
Compression ratio	8,5
Nominal Horsepower, HP	220 @ 4200
Peak Torque, Nm	451 @ 2700-2800
Firing order	1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8
Weight without gearbox, kg	285